Nokia Organizational Structure

Executive Summary An organization is defined as an integration of processes with a single purpose; to attain the expected goal of an organization, management needs to develop and effective working organizational structure. An effective organizational structure looks into qualitative and quantitative issues of the structure were it ensures that both human resources matters and physical combination of resources have been addressed accordingly.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nokia Organizational Structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nokia is an international phone company that is currently leading in the phone segment of the electronic market in the world; the company’s organizational structure has enabled it to command the success it has attained. As time goes, the structures of the company are becoming week calling for immediate actions to be taken to retain the glory of the company. The main areas th at need to be looked into include the strategic alliances division, innovation and invention section of the company, and the organizational culture adopted by the Company. Introduction The success of an organization depends on how well physical and human resources of the organization have been organized and managed. Organizational theory emphasizes that every organization has potential to become competitive in its industry if it organizes the assets, both physical and intangible, that it has. Leaders have the role of developing an organizational structure, which is the framework of operation in the organization, effectively developed structures ensures that resources are effectively managed, customers are satisfied, human resources are well managed, and all stakeholders are satisfied with the position of the organization. An organizational structure has a total quality approach where all areas of the organization are addressed; despite this totality approach, changes in business env ironments and industries have sometimes made companies to find their strategies ineffective and irresponsive of current business policies (Wheelen Hunger, 1998). Nokia is an international phone company, with its headquarters in Finland. The company currently enjoys a market share of about 37% and aims at increasing the market share to over 40% by the end of 2011; however, the company is facing a number of strategic issues, which has made its profits and sales reduce in the recent past and overtaken by Apple Inc. products.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This report is an analysis of organizational structure of Nokia Phone Company; the report will analyze the current structure of the company and current strategic issues facing the company. Nokia is divided into four main departments where every department, also called business group, is given some mandate to undertake, the d epartments are Mobile Phones; Multimedia; Enterprise Solutions and Networks; other than the departments, the company has two horizontal departments as Technology Platforms and Customer and Market Operations. Neither the business group nor the horizontal department work independent, however they are interdependent with each other, the following chart shows the companies organizational culture: Chart 1 Each manager or departmental head is responsible for his area and is expected to work for the good of the entire firm. As strategic tool, Nokia have realized the need to have an effectively managed human capital; a company requires both physical and human resources for its operations; human resources are the greatest asset that an organization can have; without it, no business transaction can take place. It ensures that the business is run in the right way, and thus determines the current as well as the future state of the business (Bateman Snell, 2011).Advertising We will writ e a custom essay sample on Nokia Organizational Structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nokia has a human resources management department with the role of ensuring staff needs have been addressed effectively, the department has the role of ensuring that the company has the right number of human capital at the right time at an appropriate cost. It has the mandate of planning, deploying, employing, training, retaining, and dismissal of employees. When the department is undertaking this duty, it looks into quantitative and qualitative aspects. Qualitative means the right number of employees and qualitative means employees with right skills. Managing human resources has been an ignored area in traditional business management, however with modern strategic management; managers increasingly understand that the success of their organization is highly dependent with how well they manage their human resources. When managing human resources, managers ensure that they understand the needs of the human resources and their motivations, when they are well managed, they are sources of creativity, innovations and innovation. Strategic management gurus are of the opinion that organizations that have well managed human resources have an asset over their competitors that can be used for a long time as a source of competitiveness. Nokia hires from the domestic and international market to ensure that it has the right expertise and have a diverse workforce, with such a people resource the company is able to trade effectively in the local and international markets (Taylor, 2008). Organizational structure model The large number of staffs at Nokia and different management and supervisory levels offers Nokia a tall organizational structure. The diagram below is an illustration of a tall organizational structure similar to that of Nokia. Chart 2 Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The structure is only there to ensure that there is good management and processes within the organization are well managed and controlled. Despite the company being the largest phone company in the world, the company is facing a number of strategic issues that if not addressed with immediate effect, then the company is likely to lose its competitiveness and dominance in the market; the following are the strategic issues: Creating significantly short replacement cycle Phones are long-lasting equipments and making them as so is one of value and quality assurance of Nokia, however markets are getting saturated with phones thus holding a single phone for a long period of time. When this happens, then the growth of sales is hampered and the company cannot continue with its sales. In countries like Finland, Europe and some African countries, the company’s products are seen everywhere and the markets are slowly growing. Saturation of current markets The company has its main oper ating base at Asia, North America and Europe, however these markets are becoming saturated with phones and the markets seems not to be growing. Despite the slowed growth, the markets have a number of international players selling their products in the markets. The company’s sales are not promising in the country as well as the operating costs in these countries is on the upward rise (Kaushik Cooper, 2000). Reluctance in technological innovation In the recent past, the phone industry has experienced a massive development, other companies like Apple Inc. and Samsung have pioneered however, Nokia, and it have not pioneered the development. The reluctance in the innovation has resulted to Nokia–Apple patent dispute; it has also seen the company become a technology copier (McFarland, Bloodgood and Payan, 2008) Conclusion With the current success in the international markets, Nokia should be thinking of a brand extension approach: brand extension is a marketing tool used to market products using the strength of an existing brand. It involves developing of new products, mostly related to the product already in the market, it is a method of widening of the range of products (or services), by riding in the strength of an existing brand. It is a method of optimal brand strength by creating additional sales. It is also a form of increasing Brand Equity. Brand extension is strategic and should b e timely; when over done it ends to diluting of a brand. The company should be on the high note to have other electronic commodities that can drive the market; the new products that the company can develop include television sets, Radios, laptops, and music equipments. The new products are likely to b ea driving force for the company; Apple Inc. with the invention and invention of IPods and I-phones the company was able to control a niche market; a diversion from its main line of business that was desktops and computer software development. References Bateman, T. S., Snell, S. A. (2011). Management: Leading collaborating in a competitive world. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin Ketchen Jr., G., Hult, T.M. (2006). Bridging organization theory and supply chain management: The case of best value supply chains. Journal of Operations Management, 25(2), 573-580. McFarland, R., Bloodgood, J. and Payan, J.(2008). Supply Chain Contagion. Journal of Marketing, 72(2), 63-79. Taylor, G.(2008). Lean Six Sigma Service Excellence: A Guide to Green Belt Certification and Bottom Line Improvement. New York: Ross Publishing. Wheelen, L., Hunger, J. (1998). Strategic Management and Business Policy: Entering 21st Century Global Society. Massachusetts: Addison Wesley This essay on Nokia Organizational Structure was written and submitted by user Landry Barton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Spanish Nouns Whose Meanings Change With Gender

Spanish Nouns Whose Meanings Change With Gender Nearly all nouns in Spanish are always masculine or always feminine. But there are a few nouns that can be of either gender. In most cases, those are the nouns describing what people do for a living, and the gender varies with the person the word stands for. Thus, for example, el dentista refers to a male dentist, while la dentista refers to a female dentist. Un artista is a male artist, while una artista is a female artist. Most of the occupational words that follow this pattern end in -ista. One common exception is atleta: un atleta is a male athlete, while una atleta is a female athlete. When Gender Affects Meaning But there are a few nouns where the matter of gender is more complicated. Those are the nouns whose meanings vary depending on the gender of articles or adjectives used with them. Here is a list of the most common such words; only the basic or most usual meanings are included here. baterà ­a: el baterà ­a male drummer; la baterà ­a battery, female drummerbusca: el busca pager (electronic device); la busca searchcabeza: el cabeza male in charge; la cabeza head (body part), female in chargecalavera: el calavera excessively hedonistic man; la calavera skullcapital: el capital investment; la capital capital city, capital lettercircular: el circular pie chart; la circular circular (printed notice)cà ³lera: el cà ³lera cholera; la cà ³lera angercoma: el coma coma; la coma commacometa: el cometa comet; la cometa kiteconsonante: el consonante rhyme; la consonante consonantcontra: el contra drawback or organ pedal; la contra opposing attitude or an antidotecorte: el corte cut, blade; la corte court (law)cura: el cura Catholic priest; la cura curedelta: el delta delta (of a river); la delta delta (Greek letter)doblez: el doblez fold, crease; la doblez double dealingeditorial: el editorial editorial (opinion article); la editorial pub lishing business escucha: el escucha male sentry or guard; la escucha female sentry or guard, the act of listeningfinal: el final end; la final championship game in a tournamentfrente: el frente front; la frente foreheadguardia: el guardia policeman; la guardia protection, custody, guard, police force, policewomanguà ­a: el guà ­a male guide; la guà ­a guidebook, female guidehaz: el haz   bundle or light beam; la  haz   face or surface (La haz is an exception to the rule about using el with feminine nouns beginning with a stressed a sound.)maà ±ana: el maà ±ana future; la maà ±ana morningmargen: el margen margin; la margen bank (as of a river)moral: el moral blackberry bush; la moral morale, moralityorden: el orden order (opposite of chaos); la orden religious orderordenanza: el ordenanza order (opposite of chaos); la ordenanza orderlypapa: el papa pope; la papa potatoparte: el parte document; la parte portionpendiente: el pendiente earring; la pendiente slopepez : el pez fish; la pez tar or pitch policà ­a: el policà ­a policeman; la policà ­a police force, policewomanradio: el radio radius, radium; la radio radio (In some areas, radio is masculine in all uses.)tema: el tema subject; la tema obsession (traditionally feminine for this meaning, although in modern usage tema is usually masculine for all uses)terminal: el terminal electrical terminal; la terminal shipping terminaltrompeta: el trompeta male trumpeter; la trompeta trumpet, female trumpetervista: el vista male customs officer; la vista view, female customs officervocal: el vocal male committee member; la vocal vowel, female committee member Why Some Nouns Have Two Genders The reasons some of the nouns in this list have two genders is lost in history, but in a few cases the dual gender is a matter of etymology: The masculine noun and feminine are separate words that only coincidentally have the same sound and spelling, making them homographs. Among the homograph pairs on this list are: El papa comes from Latin, which is common for words related to Catholicism, but la papa comes from Quechua, an indigenous South America language.Both el haz and la haz come from Latin. The former comes from fascis, the latter from facies.El coma comes from a Greek word referring to a deep sleep. While la coma has Greek origins, it came directly to Spanish from Latin.El pez comes from the Latin piscis, while la pez comes from the Latin pix or picis.

Biography of Josiah Wedgwood

Biography of Josiah Wedgwood Josiah Wedgwood (ca July 12, 1730–January 3, 1795) was Englands foremost pottery manufacturer and a mass producer of quality ceramics exported around the globe. A member of his familys fourth generation of potters, Wedgwood started his own independent firm and became the Royal Potter for Queen Charlotte, the consort of King George III. Wedgwoods mastery of ceramic technology was matched by the marketing savvy and connections of his partner Thomas Bentley; together they ran the most famous pottery works in the world.   Fast Facts: Josiah Wedgwood Known For: Creator of the famous Wedgwood potteryBorn: July 12, 1730 (baptized), Churchyard, StaffordshireDied: January 3, 1795, Etruria Hall, StaffordshireEducation: Day School at Newcastle-under-Lyme, left at 9 years of ageCeramic Works: Jasper ware, Queens Ware, Wedgwood blueParents:  Thomas Wedgwood and Mary StringerSpouse: Sarah Wedgwood (1734–1815)Children: Susannah (1765–1817), John (1766–1844), Richard (1767–1768), Josiah (1769–1843), Thomas (1771–1805), Catherine (1774–1823), Sarah (1776–1856), and Mary Anne (1778–1786).   Early Life Josiah Wedgwood was baptized on July 12, 1730, the youngest of at least eleven children of Mary Stringer (1700–1766) and Thomas Wedgwood (1685–1739). The founding potter in the family was also called Thomas Wedgwood (1617–1679), who established a successful pottery works around 1657 at Churchyard, Staffordshire, where his great-great-grandchild Josiah was born.   Josiah Wedgwood had little formal education. He was nine years old when his father died, and he was taken from school and sent to work in the pottery for his eldest brother, (another) Thomas Wedgwood (1717–1773). At 11, Josiah had smallpox, which confined him to bed for two years and ended with permanent damage to his right knee. At the age of 14, he was formally apprenticed to his brother Thomas, but because he could not physically work the wheel, at 16 he had to quit.   Wedgwood teacup and saucer in the Waterford Wedgwood flagship store in London, England. The teacup features the white and blue jasper ware ceramic which is synonymous with the brand. Oli Scarff / Getty Images News Early Career At the age of 19, Josiah Wedgwood proposed that he be taken into his brothers business as a partner, but he was rejected. After a two-year position with the pottery firm of Harrison and Alders, in 1753, Wedgwood was offered a partnership with the Staffordshire firm of potter Thomas Whieldon; his contract stipulated that he would be able to experiment. Wedgwood stayed at the Whieldon pottery from 1754–1759, and he began experimenting with pastes and glazes. A primary focus was on improving creamware, the first commercial English ceramic invented in 1720 and widely used by the potters of the time.   Creamware was very flexible and could be decorated and over-glazed, but the surface was likely to craze or flake when subjected to temperature changes. It chipped readily, and the lead glazes broke down in combination with food acids, making them a source of food poisoning. Further, the application of the lead glaze was hazardous to the health of the workers in the factory. Wedgwoods version, eventually called queens ware, was slightly yellower, but had a finer texture, greater plasticity, less lead content- and it was lighter and stronger and less prone to break during shipments.   Thomas Bentley Partnership In 1759, Josiah leased Ivy House pottery in Burslem, Staffordshire, from one of his uncles, a factory which he would build and expand several times. In 1762, he built his second works, the Brick-House, alias the Bell Works at Burslem. That same year, he was introduced to Thomas Bentley, which would prove to be a fruitful partnership.   Wedgwood was innovative and had a strong technical understanding of ceramics: but he lacked formal education and social contacts. Bentley had a classical education, and he was socially connected to artists, scientists, merchants, and intellectuals in London and around the world. Best yet, Bentley had been a wholesale merchant in Liverpool for 23 years and had a broad understanding of the current and changing ceramic fashions of the day.  Ã‚   Josiah Wedgwoods Ivy and Etruria works in Staffordshire, England, ca. 1753. Oxford Science Archive / Print Collector / Getty Images Marriage and Family   On January 25, 1764, Wedgwood married his third cousin, Sarah Wedgwood (1734–1815) and they eventually had eight children, six of whom survived to adulthood:  Susannah (1765–1817), John (1766–1844), Richard (1767–1768), Josiah (1769–1843), Thomas (1771–1805), Catherine (1774–1823), Sarah (1776–1856), and Mary Anne (1778–1786).   Two sons, Josiah Jr. and Tom, were sent to school in Edinburgh and then privately tutored, although neither joined the business until Josiah was ready to retire in 1790. Susannah married Robert Darwin, and was the mother of the scientist Charles Darwin; Charles grandfather was scientist Erasmus Darwin, a friend of Josiahs. Ceramic Innovations Together, Wedgwood and Bentley created a huge variety of ceramic objects- Bentley keeping an eye to the demand, and Wedgwood responding with innovation. In addition to hundreds of types of tableware, their Staffordshire Etruria manufacturing facility produced specialty wares for grocers and butchers (weights and measures), dairies (milking pails, strainers, curd pots), sanitary purposes (tiles for indoor bathrooms and sewers all over England), and the home (lamps, baby feeders, food warmers).   Wedgwoods most popular wares were called jasper, an unglazed matte biscuit ware available in solid paste colors: green, lavender, sage, lilac, yellow, black, a pure white, and Wedgwood blue. Bas-relief sculptures were then added to the surface of the solid paste color, creating a cameo-like appearance.  He also developed black basalt, a stoneware in striking deep back colors. The Portland Vase (black and white jasper ware) that Wedgwood considered his finest work inside the Wedgwood Museum, in Stoke-on-Trent. Christopher Furlong / Getty Images The Art Market To answer what Bentley saw as a new demand in London for Etruscan and Greco-Roman art, Wedgwood made cameos, intaglios, plaques, beads, buttons, figurines, candlesticks, ewers, jugs, flower holders, vases, and medallions for furniture all decorated with classic art figures and themes. The canny Bentley recognized that original Greek and Roman nudes were too warm for English and American tastes, and the firm dressed their Greek goddesses in full-length gowns and their heroes in fig leaves.   Penelope and Maidens, Wedgwood plaque, 18th century. Illustration from Story of the British Nation, Volume III, by Walter Hutchinson, (London, c1920s). Hulton Archive / Getty Images The demand for cameo portraits skyrocketed and Wedgwood met it by hiring known artists to make models in wax for use on the production floor. Among them were Italian anatomist Anna Morandi Manzolini, Italian artist Vincenzo Pacetti, Scottish gem engraver James Tassie, British designer Lady Elizabeth Templeton, French sculptor Lewis Francis Roubiliac, and English painter George Stubbs.   Wedgwoods two main modelers were British: John Flaxman and William Hackwood. He sent Flaxman to Italy to set up a wax modeling studio between 1787–1794, and Wedgwood also set up a studio in Chelsea where artists in London could work.   George III and Queen Charlotte, modeled by William Hackwood after waxes by Isaac Gosset, 1776-1780, jasper, ormolu frames by Matthew Boulton. Public Domain (on display at Wedgwood Museum, Barlaston, Stoke-on-Trent, England) Queens Ware   Arguably, Wedgwood and Bentleys most successful coup was when they sent a gift set of hundreds of his cream-colored tableware to British King George IIIs consort, Queen Charlotte. She named Wedgwood Potter to Her Majesty in 1765; he renamed his cream-colored ware Queens ware.   Five years later, Wedgwood obtained a commission for a several-hundred piece tableware service from the Russian empress Catherine the Great, called the Husk service. It was followed up by the Frog service, a commission for Catherines  La Grenouilliere (frog marsh, Kekerekeksinsky in Russian) palace consisting of 952 pieces decorated with over 1,000 original paintings of the English countryside.   The Life of a Scientist   Wedgwoods classification as a scientist has been debated over the intervening centuries. Largely through his connection to Bentley, Wedgwood did become a member of the famous Lunar Society of Birmingham, which included James Watt, Joseph Priestly, and Erasmus Darwin, and he was elected into the Royal Society in 1783. He contributed papers to the Royal Societys Philosophical Transactions, three on his invention, the pyrometer, and two on ceramic chemistry.   The pyrometer was a tool made first of brass and then high-fired ceramic that allowed Wedgwood to determine the internal heat of a kiln. Wedgwood recognized that the application of heat shrinks clay, and the pyrometer was his attempt to measure that. Unfortunately, he never was able to calibrate the measurements to any scientific scale available at the time, and the subsequent centuries have found that Wedgwood was somewhat incorrect. It is a combination of heat and the length of kiln time that shrinks pottery in a measurable fashion. The showrooms of Wedgwood Byerley in St Jamess Square, London, 1809. Hulton Archive / Getty Images Retirement and Death   Wedgwood was often ill for much of his life; he had smallpox, his right leg was amputated in 1768, and he had trouble with his sight beginning in 1770. After his partner Thomas Bentley died in 1780, Wedgwood turned the management of the shop in London over to a nephew, Thomas Byerly. Nevertheless, he was a vigorous and active director of the Etruria and other manufactories up until his retirement in 1790. He left his company to his sons and retired to his mansion Etruria Hall. In late 1794, he fell ill- possibly with cancer- and died on January 3, 1795, at the age of 64.   Legacy   When Wedgwood began his work, Staffordshire was the home of several important ceramic manufacturers such as Josiah Spode and Thomas Minton. Wedgwood and Bentley made their company the most important of the Staffordshire potteries and arguably the best-known pottery in the western world. Etruria would run as a facility until the 1930s. Wedgwoods company remained independent until 1987, when it merged with Waterford Crystal, then with Royal Doulton. In July 2015, it was acquired by a Finnish consumer goods company. Selected Sources Born, Byron A. Josiah Wedgwoods Queensware. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 22.9 (1964): 289–99. Print.Burton, William. Josiah Wedgwood and His Pottery. London: Cassell and Company, 1922.McKendrick, Neil. Josiah Wedgwood and Factory Discipline. The Historical Journal 4.1 (1961): 30–55. Print.-. Josiah Wedgwood and Thomas Bentley: An Inventor-Entrepreneur Partnership in the Industrial Revolution. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 14 (1964): 1–33. Print.Meteyard, Eliza. The Life of Josiah Wedgwood: From His Private Correspondence and Family Papers with an Introductory Sketch of the Art of Pottery in England, two volumes. Hurst and Blackett, 1866.Schofield, Robert E. Josiah Wedgwood, Industrial Chemist. Chymia 5 (1959): 180–92. Print.Townsend, Horace. Lady Templetown and Josiah Wedgwood. Art Life 11.4 (1919): 186–92. Print.Wedgwood, Julia. The Personal Life of Josiah Wedgwood, the Potter. London: Macmillan and Company, 1915. Print.

Flow chart of the recruitment (top) and selection (bottom) process Assignment

Flow chart of the recruitment (top) and selection (bottom) process - Assignment Example The paper tells that recruitment can be done in two levels i.e. internal recruitment and external recruitment, although they both follow the same generic steps to accomplish the company’s objectives. Internal recruitment involves employment of individuals who have previously worked with the firm and includes processes like transfers, promotions and reinstatement of former employees. On the other hand, external recruitment involves the firm employing individuals who have never worked in the firm again from numerous sources available in the market. Internal recruitment has the advantage of increasing employee productivity since recruits are already aware of internal mechanisms of the firm, and they do not need a long time to readjust after appointment. However, internal recruitments deny the firm the benefits of innovation that come from employing people who are unfamiliar with the firm. Therefore, even firms with robust employee training and development programs should occasion ally do external recruitments to enrich the quality and diversity of its human resources. Selection is the process that follows recruitment and involves the passing of the new recruits through rigorous tests and elimination processes to ensure that the firm employs individuals who are most suited for their jobs. Current and potential requirements of a position must be matched with the candidate that possesses the best knowledge, skill, ability, and other personal characteristics that would enable them to perform one’s duties effectively and efficiently. ... These individuals are more likely to be satisfied with their job, less likely to be absent from duty, and are motivated to do their best for the firm as long as the firm takes care of their welfare (Cooper, Robertson and Tinline, 2003). The selection process takes a considerable period since the firm wants to assess the suitability of the individual; however, it also gives the new employee time to identify the suitability of the firm’s strategic plan to personal objectives. For instance, a suitable candidate would not want to work for a firm that does not reflect their personal values. Therefore, as the firm eliminates recruits who are unsuitable to work in its system, individuals get to choose if they want to work with the firm, ensuring both are sure of the possible consequences of the venture without having to make prior commitments (Cooper, Robertson and Tinline, 2003). Task 2: Catering Manager Job Description Job title: Catering Manager Reporting to: Managing Director Sal ary: ?30,000 per annum Hours: Full time (average 40 hours per week) Location: Greenwich Park, London Purpose of the Position The catering manager will oversee, direct, and organize all the catering functions. They will ensure successful planning and smooth running of events, work with clients to ensure that events are completed successfully, and get feedback from clients for use in future planning processes. Finally, the catering manager will have the duty of ensuring that healthy and productive relationship exists between employees and various product providers. Duties and Responsibilities Responsibility 1: The catering manager should assist clients in arranging their events, and even suggest service providers for other services that the events may

Ontela PicDeck Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Ontela PicDeck - Case Study Example The paper tells that PicDeck was a technology service that allows subscribers of wireless to effortlessly transfer their photos from their mobile to their computers, email inbox, and other networking devices and services. Media has appreciated the service a lot; an article in the Telephony magazine regarded the service as â€Å"helping bridge the gap between phone and PC.† The basic revenue model of the service was to provide a more convenient mobile imaging experience, which would increase the sales of high margin data services of Ontela’s wireless carrier who are the actual direct customers of the company. The author has rightly presented that Ontela was expecting that once customers started using their PicDeck service to transfer photos from their mobile devices to their computers, emails, etc. it would eventually increase the use of the wireless carrier services. Ontela’s direct customers are the wireless service providers who would market the service to its wireless subscribers. Ontela would receive a portion of the subscription fee that the subscribers pay to the wireless carriers. Now, Ontela needs to find a customer segment to position its service offering accordingly so that they can satisfy the value proposition of the Wireless Carriers who in turn can satisfy their end customers. The case identifies three basic customer segments through a qualitative review, the parent, the professional, and the teen.... get maximum information on available customer segments and once the suitable segments have been identified, they need to choose the segment that provides maximum opportunity for the company and the wireless carriers. They also need to balance the needs of the subscribers with those of the wireless carriers who want to decrease chum and increase Average Revenue per User (ARPU). It was really important for the company to find out the answer to these questions as Ontela’s direct customers are wireless carriers who are looking to increase their Average Revenue per User through the use of this service. The PicDeck service can only be successful if Ontela can find out the most profitable target segment and position their service accordingly. Analysis of the Case Ontela needs to find the most profitable target segment for its service PicDeck so that it can make a positioning statement accordingly and its direct customers, wireless carriers can reap profits from the service and in ret urn Ontela can also gain profits. The US mobile phone service industry is one of the largest sectors of the US economy. It comprises of various sub segment and its data service segments, which provides services such as internet data plans, text messaging, picture messaging and other multimedia transfer has developed at a very fast pace. It is expected that the data services segments would continue to increase, consequently, the revenue of voice segment would decline. Hence, as the data services segment evolves, wireless carriers would become increasingly dependent on the unique and high profit data services that can provide them with competitive advantage. As cellular phones became an extremely common device, it started coming out with different features and capabilities to provide the user with

Does Media Ownership Need To Be Regulated Media Essay

Does Media Ownership Need To Be Regulated Media Essay In this assignment am aiming to address three main reasons the way how media ownership has to be regulated in digital age. The two aims are will focuses on the European Union in terms of media ownership regulation such as; to protect freedom of expression and the fair regulation of media and media ownership to ensure high quality, unbiased broadcasts and finally, a concern to the public is the protection of privacy. Our lives, our everyday choices, our aspirations (goals) our continually changing values, are constantly shaped by the media in all its forms. For the last 40 to 50 years, we have seen TV dominate, and here in the UK, we have gone from a virtual monopoly to a situation where we have access to unlimited amount of TV channels. In the UK, and most countries, the introduction of regulation of media and media ownership has been a requirement which is unavoidable. In a free society, one major aim is to ensure that each media format, radio, TV, newspapers, have lots of players within the market place. A particular media market with lots of players, and not just one or two major players is said to be plural or in a state of plurality. Governments in free societies aim to ensure that regulation of media ownership ensures this plurality. Some governments have such stringent laws which mean that media owners find it hard to operate in a free way, so companies are limited in terms of expansion and growing in a natural way. Governments have to take into consideration that rules of media ownership do not hold back companies in this way, and hence regulation must aim to balance between plurality, and allowing companies to deliver their media without too many laws that slow down free thinking, creativity and quality. Current media regulation within the UK developed from regulation originally aimed at printed form. Earliest regulation was inadequate and included newspapers only adhering to certain laws and not infringing those laws, such as libel etc. Recently the newspaper industry as its own code-of-conduct, and is said to be self-regulated. Some would view self-regulation as only in the interests of media owners, and not necessarily in the interests of the public and private lives of individuals within the public. Media is going through such a rate of change, its been described as a media revolution, or digital revolution and were said to be in the information age. Change is so fast, and continuing that regulation is under strain to keep up with these new formats. For instance, as Doyle (2002:150) describe in her book; broad-band Internet technologies bring about the possibility of not only conventional TV, but also interactive TV, sitting alongside your home computer network. Increasing numbers of devices are now able to stream media into the home through these broadband providers, such as cable or DSL technologies. This change is world-wide, affecting all countries to some degree, even the poorest third world countries have access in places to these technologies, even if its a little slower on the update than elsewhere. When different media types are able to utilise the same medium of transmission (The Internet), we know this sharing of the medium as convergence. Converged Media is both grea t, but is a headache for regulators work-wide. As new forms of media developed over time, such as radio, TV, and more recently the Internet, regulation has had to develop with it. Currently regulation of these new forms of media in the UK is carried out by a body called Ofcom. In Ofcoms own words:- Ofcom is the communications regulator. We regulate TV and radio, fixed line telecoms and mobiles, plus the airwaves over which wireless devices operate. All forms of media allow us as a society to challenge the status quo, challenging the government to do better for its citizens, and fight against corruption. Laws allow governments to censor the printed media easily, but its not so easy to censor newer forms of media such as the Internet. Throughout the world, its been easy to regulate traditional forms of media which include those mentioned, TV, radio, magazines, newspapers books, but governments are faced with the difficulty in regulation new media which is now international, websites, Internet radio. How can one country regulate media ownership in other countries, because the Internet enables anyone to get media created in other nations? Whilst ensuring plurality has been focused on printed media, to ensure citizens get a wide variety of views from media, the nature of the Internet itself is plural, in my view, more emphasis in future has to be put on regulating media ownership on a global scale, but this is a controversial view. Recently we have seen countries such as China put blanket bans on their citizens viewing a large number of sites on the Internet. These are draconian measures, but shows what lengths some countries may go to enforce their own forms of censorship. The European Union has a directive which is a country of origin rule for the provision of on-line services (information society services). This directive ensures that regulation of the Internet is enforced at the country of origin, and not the country that the public may view the content. This has obvious difficulties, because only certain internationally agreed laws such as child porn are enforced globally. The problem arises when one country has different social values and social practices to another. For instance one country can have very open views on adult pornography to anothers, and their laws will be vastly different in this respect. The EUs country of origin direct prevents the country of destination from applying its own laws to the media providers country of origins media owner. Domestic regulators cannot apply their rules to another member states media owner (incoming services). On the other hand regulators must also apply their own rules to domestic media owners who supply media to citizens of another member state (outgoing services). It follows that if regulations brought in to ensure media ownership is plural, then the outputs of the media should likewise also be plural by their very nature. As an example, we can use satellite TV: If a country allows both domestic and international TV broadcasts to be received by its citizens, then this ensures that there are different views, beliefs and cultural values outputted; hence by nature this medium is plural. Stricter governments and regimes mean that tight controls on media ownership means strict and tighter media output. Going back to printed medias in the UK such as newspapers, laws or acts of parliament, are used for control of media ownership. The government used the Fair Trading Act 1973 to regulate how ownership and takeovers are conducted. In addition the Broadcasting Act 1996 was used to regulate cross-media ownership, and prevent the dominance of one company across the spectrum of media. The government has to be involved with ensuring diversity in output, through the control of ownership. I think that its important ensure competition within the market using laws that control ownership in this way, ensuring regulation for plurality can be achieved through control of ownership. A worst case scenario if whereby one company, say Rupert Murdochs newspaper industry gets so strong that it is able to turn say news into a monopoly; this would mean that Murdoch would be able to control who gets voted into government, what we by, wed only tend to go for certain brands. A monopoly would mean that the public interest was not being served, and wed continually be misinformed in the interests of only that company. In history we have seen where the control of all media forms can cause bloodshed on a wide scale, recently in Rwanda, Bosnia, and further back in the Second World War. In order to stop this happening again, its important to ensure that media provides a balanced, view, and regulation though business law through acts of parliament will ensure this is prevented. The European Unions E-Commerce directive seems to ensure that on the European scale, the regulation of media ownership ensures a wide variety of media types and additional internationally agreed laws on privacy, data protection, and child pornography for instance can be utilised to protect citizens where local laws are not adequate in this respect. The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) has also implemented laws on media ownership, such Article Eight: Freedom of Expression. The complexity of broadcasting laws throughout the world can be seen within the EU, as the EU continues to find new ways of ensuring that cross-border media outlets are regulated in a way that participating countrys all play a part in allowing freedom within a set of guidelines that still stays within the public interest. These laws for cross-border media types such as the Internet and satellite TV do not pertain so much to older media types like newspapers and laws on media ownership is left to individual member states to take care of. Its not all plain sailing within Europe, because there has been stiff opposition to laws that hinder Freedom of Speech and Freedom of the press. The European Union has come up with an EC directive known as Television without Frontiers, which takes the result of the Convention on Trans-frontier Television into current European Law on media ownership. So we have seen that the two aims of the European Union in terms of media ownership regulation are: To protect freedom of expression The fair regulation of media and media ownership to ensure high quality, unbiased broadcasts. The third aim, which recently has come more of a concern to the public is the protection of privacy. People should have some degree of privacy in their lives, and domestically newspapers have been allowed to invade someones privacy on the basis that its in the public interest. Different member states within the EU have different views of what is in the public interest, and where we have new forms of media that have no borders, then how do we tackle news based on peoples private lives, and where do you draw the line on what should be an invasion of privacy and what is in the public interest if different member countries greatly differ on that. The European Union has tended to shy away from this issue, and concentrate more on enforcing laws on media owners concerned with intellectual property rights, and copyrights, with slightly bit more emphasis on privacy only recently. The European Union approach with the television directive has looked more on media content in terms of violence, pornography racial hatred and the right to reply. These paws prevent broadcasters from going over the top in what they broadcast, whilst ensuring that ownership remains broad and international ensuring that freedom of expression is OK in all member states. The EU is not so concerned with individual media moduls like Murdoch taking control of large swathes of the media, and this controlling public opinion without variation, but is more concerned with plurality and diversity of media. In my opinion, this is right, and a balanced view form a wide variety of media owners can be achieved this was right across the European Union though this type of regulation. Rasiah Newell state: Relaxation of ownership regulation might shift attention to content controls. Again, multiplicity of outlets and communications convergence provide arguments against such controls. Scarcity and impact might have justified special statutory controls over broadcasting until now, but such reasons have no relevance to the future information and communications industry. The print media would never accept such statutory interference with freedom of expression. It is vehemently opposed to licensing or pre-vetting and could not accept due impartiality requirements its current self-regulatory code expressly preserves its freedom to be partisan. In the multi-media world there is little danger of information monopoly. Rasiah Newell attempt to describe here how the print media have prevented the government here in the UK from attempting to enforce laws that restrict or interfere with their freedom of expression; it would mean death for any UK government that went up against the print industry. However, by relaxing regulation of ownership means that content is more of an issue, and we have seen that on the European level. I am unsure that a self-regulating press can be totally in the pubic interest, and would like to see more of an effort on the European level to tackle issues such as privacy and what is in the interest of the public on a European level, as the UK papers seem to get away with murder sometimes.

Philosophy Essay

The existence of God is viewed in two debatable perspectives – either the Divine Almighty exists or He does not. It is almost impossible to dwell on revealing the right answer to resolve this matter as one is dealing with an abstract matter that goes beyond reason and the physical or concrete aspect of life and the universe. The first argument questions the existence of God because there is no tangible sign in reality that reveals that He does exist. The opposite argument argues that God exists because of the impossibility of the presence of a Divine Being despite his non-existence in physical terms. This is supported by the virtue of faith and the belief that a greater power must be responsible for the existence of man and life. Perhaps asking about the existence of God is one of the most glorified questions that have not been answered since the beginning of time. This may not only be because of the fact that he does not encompass a physical entity, but also because God as an entity is beyond reason that people cannot even start to define who or what He is, what He is capable of doing, and such. In order to present an argument regarding this matter, it is important to discuss points which will prove or rather rationalize God’s existence. God exists, but He will only dynamically exist if one believes in His true existence. Rationalizing the existence of God is similar to proving the existence of love. Love is an abstract feeling or emotion, like God Himself is a nonrepresentational entity which does not exist in physical terms. Love is the same. It is an abstract feeling or emotion which cannot be represented in tangible terms, however, people know what it is, if not believe in it. Love exists because people believe in it. Love is felt and expressed, defining its meaning and significance, and framing it as a valid term or feeling because people can feel it allowing them to know it does exist. On the other hand, people who do not believe in love do not also believe it exists. I think this argument goes the same with the inquiry of the existence of God. God is a term or a word which represents a Divine Entity, while love is also a term or a word which represents an abstract feeling or emotion. However, their existence in reality is only confined in terms or words not unless people would believe they do exist and act upon their existence. Therefore, God does not exist for people who do not have faith in His existence, who do not give meaning to who He is as the creator of man and the universe. Think about love and why people believe it exists. This is because people choose to believe in what they feel, although unexplainable and intangible. Love is expressed in so many ways, from touching, caring, helping, doing good and kind acts, etc. Since love is expressed, then it is felt consequentially; and since it is felt, then people believe it does exist. In terms of the existence of God, people can justify His existence then by acting on their faith. This means worshipping him, praying to him, spreading His word, practicing or applying His commandments, and living in His righteousness. God becomes present in an individual’s life if he chooses to abide by Him and believe in what He has to offer for mankind. This means that although God exists by definition, He will continually exist in reality – that is in the lives of man and in everything they do – if people believe that He plays an important role in their lives and that He commands or directs man into living in the kind of life that He wants for His people. The existence of God then is justified by faith. Moreover, God exists within the things that represent who He is as a Diety – and that is in goodness, in love, in hope, respect, trust, and graciousness. God’s existence perhaps is the most difficult matter to argue given the diverse answers of people to this inquiry. However, one possible rationalization is faith in Him and all the things that people experience that is representative of God. That is man’s faith in God brings Him beyond the term or word labeled to Him, and that the faith of man leads Him to act on it by doing things to acknowledge His existence.